ANSWER
Inulin is non-digestible prebiotic fibre that stimulates the growth of good bacteria which enhance the development of immune system and intestinal function (Lockyer & Stanner, 2019; Gibson, et al., 2017).
Table A. Dosage of Inulin Consumption on Subject Groups for Immunity Effects
| Reference | Dosage | Subject Groups | Findings on Immunity Effects |
| Oswari et al., 2019 | 3.2 g/day inulin | Infants | Increase in bifidogenic effect, stool frequency and decrease in stool pH |
| Lohner et al., 2018 | 6 g/day (Orafti® Inulin) |
Children 3 to 6 year | Softer stools, higher counts of beneficial bacteria (Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) in stools, and fewer fevers requiring medical attention. |
| Stephan & Carolin, 2018 | 6 g/day (mix of 93% of Orafti® HSI and 7% Orafti® HP) | Children 3 to 6 years | Improve performance of the
immune system by reduction the sinusitis symptoms in children |
| Azpiroz et al., 2017 | 8 g/day (Orafti HSI Inulin) | Patients (20 to 70 years) with moderate
abdominal discomfort |
Promote the proliferation of bifidobacteria which are able to ferment residues using metabolic pathways with lower gas release thus improves gut function |
| Micka et al., 2016 | 12 g/day (Orafti® Inulin) | Healthy men and women aged ≥ 20 and ≤ 75 years | Increase of stool frequency accompanied by a softening of stool consistency |
| Vandeputte et al., 2017 | 12 g/day (Orafti® Inulin) | Healthy adults with mild constipation | Increase in stool frequency resulting from inulin consumption which support digestive health |
| EFSA, 2015 | 12 g/day (Orafti® Inulin) | Six studies involving 86 subjects | Improves bowel function by increasing stool frequency |
Zinc is one of the micronutrients that promotes immunity that plays an important role in the development and integrity of the immune system (Gombart et al., 2020).
Table B. Dosage of Zinc Consumption on Subject Groups for Immunity Effects
| Reference | Dosage | Subject Groups | Findings on Immunity Effects |
| Gulani et al., 2014 | 5 – 50 mg/day | Children and young adults | Reduce the incidence of otitis media infections in younger or undernourished children |
| Hemilä (2011) | > 75 mg/day | Children and adults | Reduced common cold |
| Mocchegiani et al., 2013 | 10 – 12 mg/day | Elderly people | Enhance immunity in older people by preventing the risk of degenerative age-related diseases, such as cancer and infection |
| Malik et al., 2014 | 20 mg/day | Children aged 6-11 months with acute respiratory infections | Reduced acute lower respiratory tract infection morbidity |
References
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